Parliamentary Efforts to Overhaul Retentions: Legislation and Lobbying

The retention system in UK construction contracts has been criticised for decades, and successive attempts to legislate reform have emerged in Parliament since the 1990's.

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Construction Retention Reform (UK)

Parliamentary Efforts to Overhaul Retentions: Legislation and Lobbying

The retention system in UK construction contracts has been criticised for decades, and successive attempts to legislate reform have emerged in Parliament since the 1990's.

What is the legislative status of construction retentions in the UK?

There is no dedicated legislation governing construction retentions in the UK. Instead, their use is permitted under general contract law, regulated only indirectly by the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (commonly referred to as the Construction Act).

The 1996 Act introduced important payment protections for contractors and subcontractors, such as:

  • The right to interim payments,
  • The requirement for payment notices and withholding notices, and
  • The statutory right to adjudication for disputes.

However, it did not prohibit or regulate retention itself. It allowed parties to agree to withhold a portion of payment (typically 5%) to secure performance and rectify defects, provided that the contract included clear payment terms and complied with the Act’s adjudication and notice provisions.

Consequently, retentions remain common across both public and private sector projects. The lack of a statutory framework specifically addressing their use, duration, or security has been a key source of criticism - and the focus of legislative proposals in recent years.

What was proposed in the Construction (Retention Deposit Schemes) Bill?

In 2017, Peter Aldous MP introduced the Construction (Retention Deposit Schemes) Bill as a Private Member’s Bill in the House of Commons. The Bill sought to mandate that any cash retention withheld under a construction contract must be:

  • Held in a government-approved deposit scheme, similar in concept to the schemes used for tenant deposits in the residential rental sector, and
  • Protected from misuse or loss in the event of payer insolvency.

This proposal directly addressed the widespread concern that retention monies - particularly those owed to subcontractors - were vulnerable in the event that the main contractor or employer entered insolvency. The collapse of Carillion in early 2018, which left an estimated £250 million in unpaid retentions, added urgency to the Bill’s passage.

The Aldous Bill received cross-party support and significant industry backing, including from:

  • The Specialist Engineering Contractors’ (SEC) Group,
  • The Federation of Master Builders,
  • The Electrical Contractors’ Association, and
  • Several Tier 1 contractors and client bodies.

However, as a Private Member’s Bill, it faced procedural limitations. Although it had its second reading scheduled in the 2017–2019 Parliamentary session, repeated deferrals and the 2019 General Election caused the Bill to lapse without a vote.

Why was the Aldous Bill not passed into law?

Despite broad support, several factors contributed to the Bill’s failure:

  1. Lack of parliamentary time: As a Private Member’s Bill, it did not receive Government time for debate, and was repeatedly pushed down the agenda amid higher-profile legislation (particularly Brexit-related Bills).
  2. Technical complexity: Opponents argued that a mandatory deposit scheme would be administratively burdensome and create unintended consequences - particularly for small clients or bespoke projects.
  3. Perceived cost: Some industry stakeholders expressed concern that deposit schemes would increase compliance costs or reduce flexibility in cash flow management.
  4. Government neutrality: While BEIS conducted a consultation on retentions in parallel with the Bill, it did not formally endorse the legislation, preferring to gather more evidence before supporting any statutory model.

The combined effect was to stall the Bill despite strong external momentum. However, it played a key role in keeping retention reform on the parliamentary and industry agenda.

Have there been other legislative proposals?

Yes. The Aldous Bill was not the first or last legislative attempt to address retentions.

2015: Public Sector Retention Trust Proposal

In 2015, a cross-industry coalition, led by the SEC Group, proposed a system whereby public sector clients would be required to hold retention money in a retention trust account. The aim was to ensure that funds withheld from main contractors and subcontractors could not be misused or lost in insolvency.

Although not introduced as a formal Bill, this proposal gained some traction with individual contracting authorities. However, in the absence of a national framework or legislation, adoption remained patchy and inconsistent.

2021: Construction (Retentions Abolition) Bill

In the House of Lords, Lord Aberdare introduced a new Construction (Retentions Abolition) Bill in 2021. This Bill proposed a much more radical step than the Aldous Bill: to prohibit the practice of retention altogether.

Key features included:

  • Amending the 1996 Construction Act to outlaw retention provisions in construction contracts,
  • Setting a sunset date by which retentions must cease (with transitional provisions), and
  • Requiring the use of alternative performance security mechanisms, such as bonds or warranties.

While the Bill was welcomed by campaigners seeking to eliminate retentions entirely, it faced substantial resistance from clients and some Tier 1 contractors who viewed retention as a necessary safeguard.

As of 2024, the Bill has not progressed to enactment but remains a reference point in discussions about future reform.

How have industry bodies and lobbyists influenced Parliament?

The legislative debate around retentions has been shaped by sustained lobbying from across the construction supply chain.

Campaigns in favour of reform:

  • The SEC Group has long argued that retention practices harm SMEs and should be abolished or ring-fenced. It has provided detailed evidence to multiple select committees and spearheaded efforts to support both the Aldous and Aberdare Bills.
  • The ECA and FMB have published case studies of subcontractors losing retention money due to upstream insolvency.
  • The National Federation of Roofing Contractors (NFRC) and British Constructional Steelwork Association (BCSA) have also called for legislative change.

These groups have consistently argued that reform is essential to prevent payment abuse, protect the supply chain and improve industry resilience.

Opposition and caution:

  • Some public sector clients have expressed concern about the potential cost and complexity of retention reform - particularly under tight capital budgets.
  • Major contractors have warned that eliminating retentions could reduce client confidence or increase the cost of performance security mechanisms such as bonds.
  • Insurers and surety providers have raised questions about the scalability and accessibility of alternative instruments for smaller firms.

As a result, proposals for abolition or statutory deposit schemes have faced divided opinion, making it difficult to secure political consensus.

What is the current government position?

As of May 2025, the UK government has not committed to legislation to reform retentions. However, it has:

  • Continued to monitor the industry through the Post-Carillion supply chain reviews,
  • Encouraged the use of Project Bank Accounts (PBA's) on public sector contracts,
  • Supported voluntary initiatives such as Build UK’s Zero Retentions Roadmap, and
  • Indicated that further regulation may be considered if industry fails to make progress voluntarily.

In response to Parliamentary Questions in recent sessions, ministers have consistently said that reform remains “under consideration” and that “industry-led progress is preferable to statutory compulsion.”

In practice, however, retentions continue to be used widely across UK construction, including in public projects, and there remains no statutory requirement to ring-fence, secure or release retention monies within a defined timeframe.

Conclusion: What do past Bills and debates tell us about the path forward?

The UK Parliament has seen multiple attempts to legislate for retention reform. From the deposit schemes of the Aldous Bill to the outright prohibition proposed by Lord Aberdare, the legislative trajectory reflects growing dissatisfaction with the status quo - but also persistent obstacles to change.

While none of the Bills have become law, they have:

  • Elevated the issue within Parliament,
  • Provided a focal point for industry lobbying and public scrutiny, and
  • Signalled the appetite for reform if a workable model can be found.

Going forward, successful legislation will likely require:

  • Strong government backing (not just Private Member sponsorship),
  • A practical and scalable alternative mechanism (e.g., trust accounts or standardised bonds), and
  • Broad industry consensus to counter resistance from client groups.

The parliamentary history shows that reform is possible, but only with political will, cross-sector alignment and a credible legal framework. Until then, retention will remain a legally tolerated - but increasingly contested - feature of UK construction.

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